The forgotten chemistry of group(IV) metals: A survey on the synthesis, structure, and properties of discrete Zr(IV), Hf(IV), and Ti(IV) oxo clusters

• Group IV metal oxo clusters (MOCs) applications in materials and catalysis are rapidly expanding. MOCs prepared aqueous or organic medium with a variety of ligands. Ligands influence structure properties, thus impacting syntheses catalysis. Ligand-exchanged happens without rearrangement the inorganic core. (IV) diverse class compounds growing catalysis, chemistry, electronics optics. They possess unique structural stability, reactivity electronic properties; however, their potential remains underexplored due to gaps fundamental understanding about structure, intrinsic features, nuances synthesis that overall would allow for great tunability properties. In this context, here we review chemistry discrete zirconium, hafnium, titanium reported literature order provide critical overview properties disclosed date. While comprehensive summary Zr Hf is presented, only most recent Ti discussed addition some key have been revised elsewhere. Envisioning relevance group nanostructure also summarize principles surface photoactivity clusters, given paramount importance these development future applications.